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Problems of this nature encountered can be associated with reciprocating compressprs and positive displacement pumps. In such machines, the dynamic forces directly load the pipework connected to the machine or cause vibration of the support structure which in turn results in excitation of the pipework supported from the structure. Normally, high levels of vibration and failures only occur where the pipework system has a natural frequency at a multiple of the running speed of the machine. As this type of equipment has many harmonics of the running speed with appreciable energy levels which can excite the system, the problem can occur at many orders of the running speed. To avoid the risk of resonance the natural frequency ( and higher orders) of connected piping system should not be within ±20% of the excitation frequencies.
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