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Turbulence flow will exist in most piping systems encountered in practice. In straight pipes it is generated by the turbulent boundary layer at the pipe wall. The severity of turbulence which depends upon the flow regime as defined by the Reynolds number. However, for most cases experienced In practice the dominant sources of turbulence are major flow discontinuities in the system. Typical examples are process equipment, partially closed valves, short radius or miter bends, tees or reducers. The magnitude of kinetic energy imposed on the piping system is a function of medium density and flow velocity. The response to mechanical vibration of the line is a function of the pipe-line stiffness factors including the pipe-supports provided.
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